Homework #3 week one semester 2

p.132

1. Which are more likely to lose electrons, metallic elements or nonmetallic elements? Metallic elements are more likely to lose electrons to be like the noble gases, which are inert and nonmetallic.
2. Noble gas elements rarely lose or gain electrons. What does this indicate about their chemical reactivity? It indicates that they are rarly reactive (inert) and for the most part do not react with any other substance proving them the most stable elements in the periodic table of elements.
3. Predicted formation of a cation of anion:
1. Na- cation
2. Ca- Cation
3. F- Anion
4. Cu- Cation
5. O- Anion
6. Li- Cation
7. Sn- Cation
8. I- Anion
4. The pair that is more siliar chemically is oxygen with a mass number of 16 and oxygen with a mass number 18 because they are still neutral elements because oxygen with a mass number of 18 is just an isotope of the original oxygen.
5. The estimated diameter of a calcium ion is 254pm – 156pm = 98/2= 49pm.
6. Describe a possible chemical cause and a possible physical cause for each observation:
1. Change in color- Oxidation and food coloring solution
2. Change in temperature- Endo or exothermic reaction and the substance has reached its melting point.
3. Formation of a gas- Boiling point and chemical reaction with a formation of CO₂ (for example).
7. Identify elements desribed:
1. Bromine
2. Silicon
8. The data used in the fish kill mystery had to be sorted out in a chart of two years were the periodic patterns became visible and where the unusual instances of high numbers became even more visible; the periodic table has periodic patterns all through it and is, therefore, similar to the fish kill mystery data.
9. Cite two examples from the periodic table for which these two schemes would produce a different ordering of adjacent elements:
1. Thorium and protactinium; uranium and neptunium.

P. 151

1. Two resources typically found in each of the three major “spheres” of Earth:
1. Lithosphere- Al and Na (ores of minerals and any other solid minerals
2. Hydrolithic- H₂O and NaCl
3. Atmosphere- N and O₂
2. Three major parts of the lithosphere:
1. Mantle- molten rock that creates hot spots (sources for volcanoes)
2. Crust – Top most layer of the Earth where we obtain all resources and live
3. Core- Magnetic center of the Earth, extremely hot.
3. Identify the nation that produces the most:
1. Silver- Peru and China
2. Copper- Japan, China, and Chile
3. Tin- China
4. China produces the largest masses of the eight listed resources in the table.
5. Minerals differ from ores because a mineral is in the purest form and not attached to any other substance; an ore is a mineral mixed in with another substance that the mineral can be detached from to form a pure mineral.
6. Some factors that determine the likelihood of mining a particular metallic ore at a certain site are: if there have been traces of the ore found in the spot or if the site has colors in the rock that resemble the colors of the mineral that is being searched for (a rock with redish brown crystals could be an copper ore).
7. Factors that may have influenced the reopening of the mine are:
1. More of the mineral has been resurfacing from the ground
2. The amount of time that the mine has been shut down could have allowed more of the mineral to form.
8. Useful ore means that there is at least the minimum percentage of useful mineral crystals inside of it. For example the an useful ore for copper has to have at least 1% of the mineral inside of it.